Amartya Sen and His Contributions to Economics

Born in 1933 in Dhaka, Bengal, Amartya Sen spent his childhood in a school run by a Nobel Prize winner, Rabindranath Tagore. He was further exposed to racial riots in British India in his childhood. This brought him the understanding that poor people are especially vulnerable to violence. As a young man, Sen moved to England to study at Cambridge University and deepen his understanding of poverty, a topic in developmental economics.Upon finishing his education, he taught at some of the finest universities in the world, including Cambridge University, Oxford University, London School of Economics, and Harvard University (â€Å"Freedom as Progress,† 2004). Today, the name, Amartya Sen is considered synonymous with welfare economics. The man won the Nobel Prize for economics in the year 1998 (â€Å"Amartya K. Sen†). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences explains the reasons for the award thus: Prof Sen's contribution to welfare economics †¦ (and) applications of his t heoreticalapproach have enhanced our understanding of the economic mechanisms underlying famines. He has made a number of noteworthy contributions to central fields of economic science and opened up new fields of study for subsequent generations of researchers. By combining tools from economics and philosophy, he has restored an ethical dimension to the discussion of vital economic problems. Prof Sen treated problems such as majority rule, individual rights and the availability of information about individual welfare.Almost all of Prof Sen's work deals with development economics, as they are often devoted to the welfare of the poorest people in society. He has also studied actual famines. His best-known work is Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. He challenges the common view that a shortage of food is the most important (sometimes the only) explanation for famine. On the basis of careful study of a number of catastrophes †¦ he argues that famines have occurred even when the supply of food was not significantly lower than during previousyears (without famines), or that famine-stricken areas have sometimes exported food. (â€Å"Sen’s work is ‘devoted to the welfare of the poorest people in society,’† 1998) Sen won the Nobel Prize especially for his work in welfare economics (â€Å"Sin wins Nobel for Contribution to Welfare Economics,† 1998). His contributions in this area include the social choice theory, welfare and poverty indexes, income distribution, research on famine, collective decision making and individual welfare (â€Å"Amartya Sen,† 2000). The economist’s contribution to the social choice theory relates to democracy.Sen is a fan of Adam Smith, but the social choice theory was originally developed by Marquis de Condorcet, a French mathematician who lived and worked during a period of revolution back in the eighteenth century. The theory was modernized in the 1950s by Kennet h Arrow from Stanford University, who had also won a Nobel Prize for economics. But, Sen’s contribution to the theory is marked by its political implications. He was concerned about violence inflicted upon the poor in British India, which is why his contribution was meant to be a framework to evaluate social progress (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†).According to Sen, the Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product are unreliable. The reason is twofold: firstly, these national income statistics do not measure income distribution as it is; and secondly, there are various influences upon individual freedom as well as well-being that these statistics fail to give consideration to, for example, disabilities and exposure to serious illnesses in a contaminated environment. Sen further believed that the head-count technique of measuring the malice of poverty is insufficient.He did not only want to know how many people fell below the poverty line but also how far they fell be low or rose above the poverty line. It is possible to analyze income inequality among the poor as well with these statistics. Hence, Sen proposed a new poverty measure in the year 1979 (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). This method was developed to take into consideration â€Å"the ‘relative deprivation’ of individuals† (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Sen also helped in the development of the Human Development Index published by the United Nations Development Program.His contribution to the Human Development Index included a vector of numerical figures to take into account the various influences on individual welfare that the Gross National Product would not accommodate (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Undoubtedly, this Index, inclusive of â€Å"observed features of living conditions,† is now â€Å"the most widely accepted measure of comparative international welfare† (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Sen was a witness to the Bengal fa mine of 1943, which is what inspired him to contribute to famine economics so much so that governments around the world have developed policies around his contributions.Most policymakers and commentators had previously believed that famines ensue when the supply of food declines. Although this makes perfect economic sense, Sen proved through his study of famines in Bangladesh, India, and sub-Saharan Africa that famines also occur when the supply of food has not declined. In the year 1974, for example, Bangladesh was hit by a famine although production of food was very high. Furthermore, Sen proved through research that it was not only the poorest people that were affected by famines; rather, even those who had suddenly experienced a decline in income for some reason were affected by food shortage.As a result of his research, governments decided to replace the lost income of the poor during famines. Prior to this, they had simply concentrated on food distribution (â€Å"Freedom as P rogress†). Sen further found that famines do not happen in democratic countries. In India, for example, information spreads rapidly and criticism about policies is not discouraged, which is why the country has never experienced a famine. Even though India is poorer than China, the latter experienced a famine that killed approximately thirty million people between 1958 and 1961.But, Sen did not just advocate democracy through this research. As he studied famine economics, he analyzed gender inequality to boot. According to him, democracy has not inspired India to save women from dying prematurely year after year because of inequality in access to healthcare (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). In fact, millions of women are equally affected by this problem in addition to â€Å"domestic neglect† and â€Å"social negligence† in West Asia, North Africa, China and India (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†).Even if these problems are resolved, Sen has noted that â€Å" ‘selective abortion of female fetuses’† is a new contributor to the high rate of female mortality (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Of course, those who believe in aborting female fetuses would disagree with Sen that it is a social problem to reduce the female population thus. It is for this reason that Sen’s social choice theory revolves around democratic principles (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). In other words, â€Å"when there is general agreement, the choices made by society are uncontroversial.When opinions differ, the problem is to find methods for bringing together different opinions in decisions that concern everyone† (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). This theory of social choice analyzes the significance of individual decisions for collective welfare. Apart from analyzing the issue of gender inequality, Sen has used this theory to answer questions such as, ‘When is it possible for majority rule to yield decisions that are c lear and consistent? ’ and, ‘Because individuals have differing interests, how is it possible to know that the society is doing well?Branching into politics, Sen’s contribution to social choice theory makes it essential for democracies not only to perfect the process of elections but also to hold regular public debates and discussions. He offers the example of India to illustrate this point. The country had voted out a powerful political party on the basis of political discussions even if the result of the elections had appeared decisive (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Sen explains another use of the social choice theory with an example of India. There was public debate on the issue of whether poverty in India was on the decline.Upon analyzing the issue with the social choice theory, Sen discovered that reduction in poverty only affected those who were already very close to the poverty line. It is for this reason that the economist continues to trust evaluat ion of income distribution through a variety of measures rather than Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product alone. With his contribution to the Human Development Index, the economist has theoretical evidence that education and healthcare reforms will alleviate poverty in developing nations.Moreover, Sen believes that globalization can benefit the poorest people of the world to boot (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Of course, to make this dream a reality, policymakers must be working around the Human Development Index. After all, violence, too, affects everybody. If poverty is not alleviated, economic progress must needs be dampened by war.References Amartya K. Sen. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://cepa. newschool. edu/het/profiles/sen. htm. Amartya Sen. (2000). LSE. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. lse. ac. uk/resources/LSEHistory/sen. htm. Freedom as Progress. (2004, Sep). People in Economics. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft /fandd/2004/09/pdf/people. pdf. Sin wins Nobel for Contribution to Welfare Economics. (1998, Oct 14). Rediff on the Net. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. rediff. com/business/1998/oct/14sen5. htm. Sen’s work is ‘devoted to the welfare of the poorest people in society. ’ (1998, Oct 14). Rediff on the Net. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. rediff. com/business/1998/oct/14sen2. htm.

Friendship and Love in the Little Prince

Friendship and love are essential topics in anyone?s lifesince through them we can feel complete and alive. In The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery novel, elemental, but not always taken into account, aspects of life are highlighted from a deep point of view differentiating the perception an adult and a child can have from the same subject, being Friendship and love the prominent ones in my consideration. Firstly, Friendship is seen as the pure communion between an experienced man and an innocent child. The writer emphasizes the importance of a friend from the point of view of a child,this innocence is clearly opposed to the perception of an adult. Seen through the eyes of a child what is important are the perceptions, ideas and emotions that a child posses which makes friendship concrete and worthwhile. The Little prince points out that a friend is not valuable because of the material belongings someone has, but the qualities he or she posses. What makes a friend is the smile on her or his face, the sound of the voice and the desire to have or do something that makes somebody real. Alive and interesting. On the other hand, love is profoundly connected to friendship. In this case the superficial man becomes one with the imaginative child, being love the point in which they found each other and by means of which they would be one. The pilot finds in the sky a way of meting the Little Prince again, he says â€Å"look at the sky. Ask yourselves: Is it yes or not? Has the sheep eaten the flower? And you will see how everything changes†. In these meaningful lines, love, fraternal love is conveyed; whenever they look at the stars they will be together again. The feelings about friendship are arm to arm with love. In conclusion, the opposition made between adulthood and chilhood, the Pilot and the little Prince emphasize the importance of sentimental values in life. Friendship and love come up over any other subject.

Implications for Managers of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Essay

Implications for Managers of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) - Essay Example However, managers of the multinationals that seek to venture into emerging economies need to evaluate the business environment as their strategies are shaped by forces beyond their control. The managers have a vital role to play while formulating new strategies and organizational structures when dealing with Governments and companies in emerging markets. Financial strategy The emerging markets have fast growing GDPs thereby offering the MNCs with great opportunities and profit potential. However, the MNCs face not only the risks of cultural and institutional differences, the managers of the MNCs also have to take into account the risks inherent in unpredictable politics and unstable economies (Anonymous, 1995). The managers thus have the responsibility to develop financial strategies that provide protection from excessive risks. As far as financial strategies are concerned, some MNCs use instruments such as asset-backed securities while others work with regional and global banks. Fin ancial institutions such as the Asian Development Bank help the governments establish priorities for economic reform and development. The regional/local governments offer resistance to MNCs as it fears the domestic production would be affected. The governments feel that while the MNCs would bring cutting-edge technology along with FDI into emerging economies, there is resistance from the domestic competitors. The managers must also take into account technology transfer, cultural distance, international experience, immigrant experience, industrial barriers, foreign exchange rate and host country barriers (Zhao & Decker, 2004). The MNCs have the power to stifle economy because of their sheer size or so believes the emerging economy governments and hence the MNCs may face protectionist attitude from the host governments. MNCs may have anti-corporate and anti-establishment sentiments triggered by the civil societies in the host governments. Thus through the right entry strategy the mana gers can overcome resistance offered by the protectionist government. The MNCs enter Central and Eastern Europe by forming strategic alliances through acquiring privatized firms or state-owned enterprises (Rondinelli & Black, 2000). These MNCs face the challenge of privatization although some governments do move ahead at speed to privatize the SOEs. Some Eastern Europe governments do make it difficult for foreign investors to enter into strategic alliances or form joint ventures. Russia receives very little FDI because of the high tariffs and non-tariff barriers on FDI. In fact, in some of the developing economies, the MNCs are seen as threats by some SOEs, privatized companies, government agencies or political interest groups that do not support foreign domination. Therefore the challenge for the MNC managers lies in developing alliances or acquisitions that benefits the shareholders, the host-country counterparts and the local government as well. The managers must hence prioritize business objectives while also selecting the best entry channels. They must evaluate the potential impact on the host-country stakeholders and determine local partner fit. If MNCs are seen as partners in privation and economic transformation the alliances or acquisitions are more likely to succeed. Substantial restructuring may need to be implemented by the MNCs to

Does Welfare Reform in New York City Work Essay

Does Welfare Reform in New York City Work - Essay Example It stretched from accommodating few natives to a large influx of immigrants from Latin America and other parts of the world. The city had not come up with a long term strategy to include all these new members. So the welfare system was overburdened and after some years (forty years), it started becoming inefficient. In the nineties, employees working for the welfare system in the City felt unsafe and started reinforcing their offices to protect themselves. Clients on welfare had to waste most of their day waiting for welfare workers who could not even deliver upon meeting the clients. Client files started getting lost; welfare workers did not complete cases and kept jumping from client to client so there was no case of continuity. This made most clients angry and they vented out their frustrations on social workers forcing security guards to intervene. This meant that people on welfare could not make time for other productive activities because they spent most of their time trying to chase for benefits and looking for child care. 'Mass confusion' are the perhaps the most appropriate words to use when describing the city's welfare prior to 1995. The New York welfare system underwent a rapid change between 1995 and 2001 or we could say that reforms were introduced. These reforms occurred during Rudolph Giuliani's term as New York mayor. Some of the changes that the welfare system saw were the decline in number of people on welfare; from one point one million to about six hundred. The welfare system's method of approach also changed. Instead of giving checks to clients, they were given jobs; it became employment based instead of issuing handouts. However, there is another side to this reform. Jobs were not just dished out from all directions. Welfare clients had to prove that they were compliant. This implied that the so called 'difficult clients' were not considered this included drug addicts and the like. Besides, this there were problems in system management and all these will be looked at in the subsequent sections in detail. Welfare reforms were not 'the knight on a white horse' for the residents of the City of New York. (Mead, 1992) 2.0 Literature review There are a number of changes that were observed during Giuliani's regime. There is no doubt that the general approach was work oriented. From the 1995 to 1999, most of the policies imposed sanctions and mainly dealt with work requirements. Clients were required to meet a certain criteria and if they were did not comply, then they were met by sanctions. During this time, New York saw the rejection of about a large number of adults. Cases of sanctioning increased from eight percent to fourteen percent. Besides these, the system was characterized by compulsory workfare jobs. This implied that there were a number of adults that were involved in work experience program jobs. These were more of assignments than actual jobs. However in the last years of Giuliani's regime (99-01) emphasis on workfare started diminishing and some emphasis was now being placed on training for jobs. This involved the three plus two model. Welfare adults were required to attend three days of workfare and they were also supposed to dedicate the remaining two days of the week to a training program such as education or job readiness service. There were also a number of programs that focused on special groups.

Personal statement for dental school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal statement for dental school - Essay Example At the very early stage of my academic sessions, I studied in a dental school in Egypt MISR University for Science and Technology Medicine. At the early stage, prior to my visit to Saudi Arabia, I acquired fundamental knowledge about the dental problems along with their required care processes. During that period, I was fascinated with dentistry profession, as this profession involves number of effective care functions that have the potentiality in enabling the patients to gain quick relief from any pain or related problem. Indeed my initial exposure to select the dentistry profession as a prospective career path was shaped during the period of my one-year dental treatment course at the school. In relation to the recent trend of technological advancement, the treatment procedure for dental care has been witnessed to generate greater interests amid the modern medical professionals. Moreover, the dental care industry is identified to be incessantly growing, ensuring the formation of a strong career path for the modern students (American Dental Hygienists Association, â€Å"Career Paths†). These are certain reasons due to which I am quite fascinated towards this particular profession and desire to pursue my career in this field. Due to the higher level of commitment made towards making dentistry as my primary career path or profession, I decided to visit Palestine and enhance my knowledge on dental treatment by performing as a co-worker at my sister’s clinic. Moreover, increased extent of eagerness to learn real experiences have certainly made me to visit Palestine in the summer 2012. My sister provided extensive support by involving me to learn various new facets associated with dental ailments along with their respective care procedures. During the period of performing as a co-worker at my sister’s clinic, I used to learn the things that I have studied during my one-year course in the dental school. In this regard, improving career path and attaining personal

Media Interview Plan Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Interview Plan Development - Essay Example We acknowledge our mistake and necessary evaluation, adjustments and upgrades are now implemented while we are also constantly re-evaluating our plan so that we will be more responsive to any development there that similar incident can be mitigated if not totally prevented in the future. Let me assure you that the Army is doing everything within its capability and resources to ensure that similar result will not happen again. It was a loss of men and equipment that we do not take lightly. Our new plan and upgrade might not have seen action yet but let me assure you that such plan and upgrades were designed to ensure that similar incident will not happen again. There may be tactical miscalculation in our part that resulted in the unfortunate incident of wiping the original planning cell but the deployment of the troops there is strategically necessary. But let me tell you that we are not taking the incident lightly. We are currently re-evaluating the strategy employed there, including the rules of engagement to help mitigate and even prevent the same situation from happening again. As I have already mentioned evaluation of the strategy is now currently under way. Let me assure you that we are doing an overhaul of our plan with our panel of experts taking time to look into factors that we might not have considered. As we speak now also, we have already implemented an enhanced training among our personnel to make them more adoptable. We also did capability enhancing measure that includes upgrading of military hardwares. The new plan, training and upgrade have not yet see any action so we still cannot objectively asses its efficacy. But let me tell you that it is way better than the previous plan and necessary precautions and review has been done to mitigate if not prevent similar incidence from ever happening again. That is a possibility but we can also look at it this way, in the entire history of US

Write essay on the methodological approach(es) that you are likely to

Write on the methodological approach(es) that you are likely to use in your research and the practical or theoretical problems that your research is likely to address - Essay Example The profiles of China and USA will be put under scrutiny to answer the research question. Globalization and world economy research seeks to g how address the way politics and economy affect each other. The Korean economy features a practical society-based problem where there is a large gap between rich and poor while the economy is weighted against technological companies. The aim of the study is to find out the unfair policies that result in unequal distribution of wealth among Koreans. International trade has brought noteworthy discrepancies between develop and developing countries and has resulted in more damage than repair of the economic dilemma in the latter. According to Smelter and Reed (p. 248), countries cannot face economic predicaments alone and for that reason they enter into trade relations with each other. The inequities between countries will be put into perspective though thorough

Managerial Economics - Price Discrimination Essay

Managerial Economics - Price Discrimination - Essay Example Second-degree price discrimination is the 'buy more pay less" policy of large corporations where as bulk purchases attract more discounts to encourage quicker stock clearance.An example is the Supermarket offers which state "Buy three get One free' for CD's and Grocery items like Dishwashing liquid. Third degree price discrimination is based on certain consumer segments in the consumer base that pay more or less depending on State policy.For example the London transport Board gives large discounts to travellers who are students and senior citizens. Business strategy comprises of a myriad of value creating concerns like value creation and value capture both of which are important for securing a firm's sustainable competitive advantage.It has to be understood that competitive advantage is a result of these two distinct (albeit related) activities: value creation and value capture. Based on the nuances created by "sustaining" success it is possible to conclude that capturing value is indeed a greater tumultuous task than value creation.Simply stated it is very easy to get what you want but keeping it might become a problem.This reasoning is in line with Porters strategy of competitive advantage. Economies of scope are based on cost reduction of resources and skills for a firm by the expansion of these resources and skills over two or more firm tasks.This may lead to cutting costs to a large extent.For example the accounts department of a Firm can be used to bill and prepare cost documents for all its subsidiaries or partners to save costs of maintaining an accounts department overall. 4. Discuss the owner-manager conflict within the firm. Provide two real world manifestations of the conflict. The structure of the modern corporate form entails that there will be a separation of ownership and control between the shareholders and directors. The limits of a manager's accountability are his discretions that are revealed in his performance. One of the economic or financial consequences of his actions is that in accordance with his performance results, the investors reduce the amounts of investments.Thus what can be called the "opportunistic behaviour" of the managers results in inefficiencies that have direct bearing in reduction in investments if the shareholders feel that their investments are being unfairly appropriated.This calls for corporate governance mechanisms to enhance shareholder confidence and reduce the owner-manager conflict. Real world examples of the conflict are the Enron and Northern Rock Crises where the Directors through their wrongful trading put the interests of thousands of shareholders at stake. Another example can be the newly implemented laws in Engla nd after the passing of the Companies Act 2006 for the review of director's duties which have become codified in statute now to promote and maximise shareholder wealth. 5. Discuss the value-maximizing principle. How are reputational concerns related to this principle The conventional view in managerial economics is that the aim of economic activity will be to maximise business profits. However there is no single explanation in literature of whether infact profit maximization is the main centre of management decisions. The

Ethics in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Ethics in Criminal Justice - Essay Example Blagojevich was, ultimately, found guilty of nearly 20 different counts of soliciting bribes, conspiracy to illicit and accept bribes, wire fraud, conspiracy to commit extortion, and attempted extortion.(Davey, and Emma G. Fitzsimmons ) But why does it exist? What causes people within politics to attempt such acts? What can be done to deter and prevent it? In order to get the answers to these questions it is necessary to understand more about corruption in government. Political corruption has a very strict definition, in that it involves political decision makers at high levels of the political system. When the people who are charged with the responsibility of making and upholding the laws are the very people who are corrupt, that is political corruption. It is widely accepted that corruption and the temptation to commit it is highly dependent on a person’s ability to believe they can successfully â€Å"get away with it.† The act of bribery, extortion, selling votes, accepting gifts and kickbacks are all reprehensible behaviors that can undermine the people’s faith in their elected officials. The overall cost of corruption is, also, rather high, and manifest in three typical ways. The first is, is the funds required to finance the bribes to get the favorable treatment , financing meetings, maintaining silence, and negotiating all add cost to whatever endeavor the involved group are attempting to illicit. The second, corruptio n can undermine the efficiency of the free market. Lastly, it can misrepresent resources towards the projects that generate â€Å"payoffs.†(Lanza, 2004) There are two ways that are encouraged to help curtail and deter corruption. The first is eliminating opportunity. Much in the way businesses are working harder and harder to fortify their companies from potential fraud. They structure their company to make the likelihood of successfully succeeding in committing fraud more and more risky to attempt.

Current trends in teaching growth patterns of children in elementary school Essay Example for Free

Current trends in teaching growth patterns of children in elementary school Essay Elementary schools for children have gained much attention especially in this 21st century. It is believe that the foundations laid at early childhood education have much influence on the whole learning process. It is at early stages that the intellectual development should be monitored, (Zhang, A. , Sayre J. W. , Vachon, L. 2009). The current trends in teaching growth patterns of children in the elementary schools have given more weight in promoting appropriate development of children’s physical and social growth as well as emotion. The following discussion illustrates how the above has been achieved in elementary schools, (Butte N. F. 2007). Individual appropriateness and the age of the child has been put has the first consideration in the current trend. The first understanding of children’s background be it be family, culture and the physical and emotional abilities has provided the opportunities of meeting the needs of different children, (Butte N. F. 2007). Playing in children has been the most effective approach to monitor children mental growth. Both the child supported play by the teachers and the one initiated by the child himself have proved to enhance growth and development. This approach is referred as experimental, (Zhang, A. , Sayre J. W. , Vachon, L. 2009). It is therefore by using songs and games that the children have been in position to learn more on numeric and alphabetical numbers. Another current trend which is appropriate in teaching the elementary children is the direct instruction by the teachers. In this children are directed to do something even though they do not have the idea of what they are doing. Through continuous exercise they master what they are taught. For instance children can be taught counting of numbers through the teacher’s instructions or naming some items in which at the end of the exercise they will have attained the skills of naming and counting, (Butte N. F. 2007). References Butte N. F. (2007). A new 21st century international growth standards for infants and young children: Evaluation of the Feasibility of International Growth standards for School Aged Children, 137: 153-157. Zhang A. , Sayre J. W. , Vachon, L. (2009). Radiology: Racial Differences in Growth Patterns of Children Assessed on the Basis of Bone Age, 48, 574-576.

Iraq (Cultures of the World) | Book

Iraq (Cultures of the World) | Book Introduction Hassig and Al Adely argue in their book known as Iraq: Culture of the world, that Iraq has been a major discussion featured in news all over the world in the last ten years of the 20th century and in the early years of the 21st century. Its ancient history has fascinated and owed many though triggering the international community to have many negative reactions. In ancient days, Iraq was known as Mesopotamia meaning â€Å"land between two rivers-the Euphrates and the Tigris† with Arabs, Sumerians, Turks and Babylonians contributing to the prosperity of the country. This has made Iraq to be known as â€Å"the cradle of civilization.† They later discuss Iraqs climate, geography, fauna, governance, economy, flora and the countrys history as discussed below. Geography Iraqs geography is made of mountains in the north, marshland on river banks and deserts in the south. The Iraq terrain is rugged seen in the citizens who live in poverty and war though still holding to their religion, beliefs, customs and interests. The countrys geographical location is in the south western region of Asia. Iraqs fertile land is found between the two rivers which has supported agriculture for many years. Although besides the lands fertility, the countrys topography and vegetation is changing drastically with west and southern parts changing into deserts and the north transforming into cold mountainous regions. There are steppe desert plains towards the west. This makes the place to be scarcely populated due to the rocky terrain plus the harsh climatic conditions. The northern foothills region receives abundant rainfall thus producing a lot of grain for the country. The foothills have many archeological sites like the ancient city of Assyria. The northeastern mountains are inhabited by many people due to its fertile land for pastures and the favorable cool climate. The later is also the land with richest oil fields. Although, being remote, the mountains act as a shelter for criminals and rebels. Climate Iraq is discussed to have unreliable climate. The north experiences freezing cold winters and very hot summers; the west is a desert thus dry; eastern sides are tropical thus humid. Iraq is a dry country. Averagely, the countrys summer temperatures range from 24to 43 degrees Celsius while 4 to 16 degrees Celsius in winter. It receives little rainfall, approximately 130cm per year. The rain evaporates quickly making the country to depend on irrigation for cultivation. Rarely the country experiences destructive floods. Flora The country has a variety of vegetation due to the different climates experienced. Examples of trees growing in the high altitude are alpine plants, oak trees, juniper and hawthorn. The vegetation grows sparingly due to the elevated salt concentration and the unfavorable climate. The country has desert flora which survive in the hot summer and thrive in the in spring after rainfall. Dates are also grown many parts of Iraq. The plant is referred to as â€Å"the plant of life† due to its many uses. It is used to make a variety of dishes, the palm is used for weaving and date pits are ground to create a beverage. Fauna The country has little fauna in relation to its size. Mostly, individuals keep camels as they survive very well in deserts. They require little water for survival and can travel long distances. The deserts have a variety of nocturnal animals. The Euphrates and Tigris provide a habitat for fresh water fish. Iraq has many cities examples are Baghdad, Basra, Mosul and Kirkuk. Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, grew from a small village which had become the heart of traditions and education. Right now, it is the center of government with many industries i.e. oil industries and food processors. The city was greatly affected by the gulf wars. Their bombs targeted armed forces and administration buildings mainly the governments. Currently, the city is being renovated. Though, this process is being slowed by international permits that stop countries from supplying Iraq with building materials. History Iraq has the best history. It is believed to be the root of civilization in 3500B.C. An example is the cylinder seals found there. They were pressed into clay and used to create signatures. The city built ziggurat which are pyramid shaped temples that made weapons and measuring gadgets. The authors also talks about the countries golden age and the foreign conquest. Iraq was then declared an independent kingdom in October 1932. The country was later faced with problems internally and with neighboring countries. In the late 1940s, the country faced economic crisis caused by worldwide shortages and the mass exodus of Jews to Israel from Iraq. This was also as a result of World War II. In 1991, there was an Iraq-Iran war which drastically affected their economy. Hussein and Al-Sabath family governing Kuwaiti disagreed on various issues. Oil fields lied in their border causing them to quarrel since 1958. Overproduction of oil by Kuwait to recover money to pay their loaner, lowered oil prices which also affected Iraq. Later, Hussein organized groups to attack Kuwait causing the Al-Sabath to exile to Saudi Arabia. United Nations reacted by sanctioning economic approval on Iraq that the country could not export their oil. United Nations created military troops by December 1990 which used force to vacate Iraq troops from Kuwait. Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait and thus United Nations organized to attack Iraq. This affected Iraq as the war claimed 100,000 lives of Iraqis. Government The country had dictatorship governance since 1979 during Saddam Husseins reign. The weapons used against Iraq affected them. Weapons made of poisons that could spread through water and air was used against Iraq. Iraq planned a terrorist attack and later attacked United States in September 2001. This has been causing quarrels between the two countries up to date. U.S government prepared to attack Iraq, although people who took part in the first Gulf War II were against it. Iraq, under Saddam Hussein, was producing mass destruction weapons which the U.S government targeted to destroy. The second gulf war began on 19th of March, 2003 when the U.S government planned missiles to a palace that was believed to have Saddam Hussein and his family hiding. The bombers targeted Iraq cities that are scarcely populated to avoid massacre and destroying the infrastructure. However, they were met by organized guerrilla opposition that was very fierce and this resistance never materialized. The U.S Special Forces planned and with the backing from the Kurdish militias they took over the oil fields in the north. Tikrit, Husseins hometown was taken by the U.S troop and Iraqis celebrated his down fall. The main agenda of the war was to replace Saddam Husseins dictatorship rule. Desperation of the Iraqis caused them to rob museums, institution and citadels of their leaders. The Iraqis who had flown from the country started to go back to the country and declaring themselves leaders in both religious and political fields. There was no clear governance. U.S assigned their factories to re store the destroyed infrastructure. Citizens built hope for brighter future in 2003 after the collapse of military authoritarianism. Iraq developed into a sovereign state from the association of countries authorized by British government on 3rd of October,1932 and transferred its leadership from an Alliance of Provisional Power to Iraq government on 28th of June,2004. Thus the government has a parliamentary democracy type of governance. Economy Iraq claims to have 143 barrels of crude oil and in 2009 it signed a major production deal with international oil companies. The country has set a target of 2.2million barrels for 2011 after the steady rise in shipments from the Kurdish region. Conclusion In conclusion, Iraq as a country has fantastic geographical and archeological sites with variable climate. The harsh climatic conditions experienced has made the country to depend on irrigation for agriculture and has also minimized the types of animals domesticated by Iraqis i.e. most of them keep camels. The country is portrayed to be rich with oil though being devastated with the recurrent war and bad governance. Globally, renaissance of producing oil and gas in Iraq would help reduce oil prices globally. This would assist in increasing oil quantity after the sharp worldwide depression that occurred in 2008-2009 which led to a steady increase in its price. Iraq has the possibility to become one of the worlds chief oil manufacturers given its vast oil resources. Overpowering rebels in the Middle East of Iraq has helped Iraq which is now progressing. This book explores Iraqs geography, past, government, wealth, citizens, and traditions.

The Influenza :: Spanish Influenza Essays

The Influenza It was time to bring in the crops--this was one of the best years I'd ever had. For the first time in a long time, I was looking forward to getting into the field to gather the crop I'd worked so hard to grow. A farmer's life is never easy, but this was my year. I'd managed to get more land, and I was way past the days of just putting food on my family's table. The fall of 1918 turned out to be one of the worst times of my life. I had a rather large family--two boys and two girls. They were all teenagers in 1918. My wife, my children, and I all lived in Riley County, Kansas. Fort Riley's Camp Funston brought a lot of activity into the area. In the fall of 1918, there were soldiers there preparing to go overseas to join in the battles. The soldiers brought new life to our community, as well as chaos. We were happy, for the most part, to have the soldiers around our community, until their presence proved too costly. As I mentioned, in September of 1918, I was eager to get to the fall harvesting. All of my children were excited and ready to help, as they knew the harvest would bring money into the household. We'd heard about the influenza at Camp Funston, and I'd told my family to steer clear of any wayward soldiers. My youngest son began to hang around the camp, against my wishes, in order to see what was occurring there. He and his friends made a habit of sneaking around the outside. We'd managed since the spring to avoid influenza. We heard from workers inside the fort that the soldiers were dying quickly, but we all assumed that it would stay inside the camp and away from our families. Little by little, in the fall, influenza began to creep into the communities around the camp. I thought I was fortunate in that none of my neighbors worked in or near Camp Funston, and I didn't expect to have to deal with any sickness. My family was warned, and everyone in the communities around the camp was being as careful as possible to keep the influenza from spreading. Then my son brought influenza, the soldiers' problem, into our family. The Influenza :: Spanish Influenza Essays The Influenza It was time to bring in the crops--this was one of the best years I'd ever had. For the first time in a long time, I was looking forward to getting into the field to gather the crop I'd worked so hard to grow. A farmer's life is never easy, but this was my year. I'd managed to get more land, and I was way past the days of just putting food on my family's table. The fall of 1918 turned out to be one of the worst times of my life. I had a rather large family--two boys and two girls. They were all teenagers in 1918. My wife, my children, and I all lived in Riley County, Kansas. Fort Riley's Camp Funston brought a lot of activity into the area. In the fall of 1918, there were soldiers there preparing to go overseas to join in the battles. The soldiers brought new life to our community, as well as chaos. We were happy, for the most part, to have the soldiers around our community, until their presence proved too costly. As I mentioned, in September of 1918, I was eager to get to the fall harvesting. All of my children were excited and ready to help, as they knew the harvest would bring money into the household. We'd heard about the influenza at Camp Funston, and I'd told my family to steer clear of any wayward soldiers. My youngest son began to hang around the camp, against my wishes, in order to see what was occurring there. He and his friends made a habit of sneaking around the outside. We'd managed since the spring to avoid influenza. We heard from workers inside the fort that the soldiers were dying quickly, but we all assumed that it would stay inside the camp and away from our families. Little by little, in the fall, influenza began to creep into the communities around the camp. I thought I was fortunate in that none of my neighbors worked in or near Camp Funston, and I didn't expect to have to deal with any sickness. My family was warned, and everyone in the communities around the camp was being as careful as possible to keep the influenza from spreading. Then my son brought influenza, the soldiers' problem, into our family.

Love Gone Wrong in Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay -- Literary Critici

In the novel Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte talks about two cities combining by a forced marriage. She talks about how these characters are in one big love triangle. These characters are Catherine, Edger, Cathy, Heathcliff, Isabella, Linton, Hareton, and many more. The novel starts off with these characters that are in love with each other. They end up getting separated by an event that will change relations not only between them but the entire city. So the novel starts off with Catherine who is madly in love with Heathcliff who owns Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff and Catherine where the best of friends when they where children. When they got older that friendship turned into love. Heathcliff and Catherine where caught spying on Edger’s party. When they ran off Heathcliff got away but Catherine didn’t. She twisted her ankle trying to escape. â€Å"He sends his love, ma’ma [Catherine], and his wishes for your happiness† (107). Heathcliff hopes that Catherine forgives him for all the grief she went through. He feels bad and hopes that everything goes back to the way it was when she gets back. Edger got his people on her to help her and he had her stay with him as he nursed her back to help. This is when Catherine starts to think she is falling in love with Edger. She sees how life is being in the upper class and having money. She realizes that is what she wants. â€Å"I could fancy a love for life here almost possible; and I was a fixed unbeliever in any love of a year standing† (62). She is willing to fake love for her want to be in the upper class and to have money. She is even willing to sacrifice her love for Heathcliff for it. When Catherine comes back from the grange, Edger and Isabella are coming over to visit. Cat... ...s and popularity. So Catherine and Heathcliff had a long and very bumpy relationship. They are soul mates but don’t realize it till they are dead and end up happily in love in Heaven because it was to late to realize there love for each other. Catherine was too stubborn and to in love of her life of money and social standing to realize who her true love was. She realizes that she is not in love with Edger but with the money and social standing they have together. So the cities are finally combined when Cathy marries Linton (forcefully) and Linton dies leaving Wuthering Heights to his father in his will. So then Cathy is finally able to marry somebody that she wants to marry instead of being forced to. She marries Hareton at the end of the novel so we don’t really know how the marriage went but to assume that they have a family and live happily ever after.

Oscar Wilde Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursework

Oscar Wilde Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth. On October 16, 1854 Oscar (Fingal O’Flaghertie Wills) Wilde was born in Dublin. He is the son of Dr. William Wilde and the Irish Nationalist poet Jane F. Wilde (known as "Speranza", her pen name). Oscar grew up with very high expectations of him by his mother. He was enrolled at Trinity College, where he graduated by the age of seventeen and continued his schooling on a scholarship to Oxford. At Oxford he was known as aesthete. Under the influence of the aesthetic movement of the late 19th century, Oscar found the notions of "art for art’s sake" and dedicating one’s life to art suitable to his temperament and talents. Although Oscar didn’t have any substantial achievements in his to be well known from 1878 to 1881, he was still quite popular in London. He categorized himself into the class of people labeled as "the beautiful people." As a "beautiful [person]" he wore outrageous clothes, passed himself off as an art critic and aesthete, and built a reputation for saying shocking things and doing amusing things. These "beautiful people" were often called dandies, wearing clothes similar to Wilde’s manner of dress: velvet coat, knee breeches, silk stockings, pale green tie, shoulder length hair, loose silk shirts, and a lily he occasionally would carry. Oscar’s popularity, flamboyance, and of course literary talent led him closer and closer to the fame he desired. Oscar published his first volume of poems in 1881. In 1882, upon arriving in New York City, he began a yearlong tour of North America. His lectures were more on aestheticism and "art for art’s sake" than on the strength of his reputation as a writer. W... ...e "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" (pronounced "redding jail"), a poem that explored the harsh nature of prison life. It was published anonymously under the pseudonym of C33 (Wilde’s prison number), and became his last significant work. Oscar Wilde died at the age of 46 on November 30, 1990 of cerebral meningitis. Bibliography Beckson, Karl. Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890’s. Vintage Books, New York, 1966. Charlesworth, Barbara. Dark Passages-The Decadent Consciousness in Victorian Literature. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin, 1965. Harris, Frank. Oscar Wilde. Dorset Press, New York, 1989. Montgomery Hyde, H. Oscar Wilde- The Aftermath. Farrar, Strauss & Company, New York, 1963. University Books. The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde- The verbatim Transcripts and an introduction by H. Montgomery Hyde. University Books, New York, January 1956. Oscar Wilde Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursework Oscar Wilde Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth. On October 16, 1854 Oscar (Fingal O’Flaghertie Wills) Wilde was born in Dublin. He is the son of Dr. William Wilde and the Irish Nationalist poet Jane F. Wilde (known as "Speranza", her pen name). Oscar grew up with very high expectations of him by his mother. He was enrolled at Trinity College, where he graduated by the age of seventeen and continued his schooling on a scholarship to Oxford. At Oxford he was known as aesthete. Under the influence of the aesthetic movement of the late 19th century, Oscar found the notions of "art for art’s sake" and dedicating one’s life to art suitable to his temperament and talents. Although Oscar didn’t have any substantial achievements in his to be well known from 1878 to 1881, he was still quite popular in London. He categorized himself into the class of people labeled as "the beautiful people." As a "beautiful [person]" he wore outrageous clothes, passed himself off as an art critic and aesthete, and built a reputation for saying shocking things and doing amusing things. These "beautiful people" were often called dandies, wearing clothes similar to Wilde’s manner of dress: velvet coat, knee breeches, silk stockings, pale green tie, shoulder length hair, loose silk shirts, and a lily he occasionally would carry. Oscar’s popularity, flamboyance, and of course literary talent led him closer and closer to the fame he desired. Oscar published his first volume of poems in 1881. In 1882, upon arriving in New York City, he began a yearlong tour of North America. His lectures were more on aestheticism and "art for art’s sake" than on the strength of his reputation as a writer. W... ...e "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" (pronounced "redding jail"), a poem that explored the harsh nature of prison life. It was published anonymously under the pseudonym of C33 (Wilde’s prison number), and became his last significant work. Oscar Wilde died at the age of 46 on November 30, 1990 of cerebral meningitis. Bibliography Beckson, Karl. Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890’s. Vintage Books, New York, 1966. Charlesworth, Barbara. Dark Passages-The Decadent Consciousness in Victorian Literature. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin, 1965. Harris, Frank. Oscar Wilde. Dorset Press, New York, 1989. Montgomery Hyde, H. Oscar Wilde- The Aftermath. Farrar, Strauss & Company, New York, 1963. University Books. The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde- The verbatim Transcripts and an introduction by H. Montgomery Hyde. University Books, New York, January 1956.

Defnition Of Childhood Essay

Childhood is the age span ranging from birth to adolescence.[1] According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, childhood consists of two stages: preoperational stage and concrete operational stage. In developmental psychology, childhood is divided up into the developmental stages of toddlerhood (learning to walk), early childhood (play age), middle childhood (school age), and adolescence (puberty through post-puberty). Various childhood factors could affect a person’s attitude formation.[1] Age ranges of childhood[edit source | editbeta] The term childhood is non-specific and can imply a varying range of years in human development. Developmentally and biologically, it refers to the period between infancy and adulthood. In common terms, childhood is considered to start from birth. Some consider that childhood, as a concept of play and innocence, ends at adolescence. In the legal systems of many countries, there is an age of majority when childhood officially ends and a person legally becomes an adult. The age ranges anywhere from 15 to 21, with 18 being the most common. Developmental stages of childhood[edit source | editbeta] Early childhood[edit source | editbeta] Early childhood follows the infancy stage and begins with toddlerhood when the child begins speaking or taking steps independently. While toddlerhood ends around age three when the child becomes less dependent on parental assistance for basic needs, early childhood continues approximately through years seven or eight. According to the National Association for the Education of Young Children, early childhood spans the human life from birth to age eight. At this stage children are learning through observing, experimenting and communicating with others. Middle childhood[edit source | editbeta] Main articles: Child and Preadolescence Middle childhood begins at around age seven or eight, approximating primary school age and ends around puberty, which typically marks the beginning of adolescence. In this period, children are attending school, thus developing socially and mentally. They are at a stage where they make new friends and gain new skills, which will enable them to become more independent and enhance their individuality.

Marketing and Unilever Bangladesh

CONTENTS 1. Abstracts 2. Objectives of the study 3. Methodology 4. Introduction 5. Analysis of the Marketing strategies 1. Segmentation 2. Targeting 5. 3 Positioning 6. Marketing mix 6. 1 Product 6. 2 Price 6. 3 Place 6. 4Promotion 6. 5 Packaging 6. 6 Public relation 6. 7 Publicity 6. 8 Politics 7. Recommendation 8. Bibliography Abstract Unilever's mission is to add Vitality to life. To meet everyday needs for nutrition; hygiene and personal care with brands that help people look good, feel good and get more out of life.Its deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world give them a strong relationship with consumers and the foundation for future growth. In this assignment, we are going to analyze the marketing strategies of Unilever Bangladesh for two of its brand which is: Rexona and Surf Excel. We are going to give an overall summary of the various marketing segmentation, targeting, positioning, promotion, distribution and many other marketing mixes of both rexona and su rf excel. Thus the main objective is to bring about a well organized summary and view of the positioning of these brands compared to its competitors.The corporate purpose of unilever states that to succeed requires â€Å"the highest standards of corporate behavior towards everyone we work with, the communities we touch, and the environment on which we have an impact. † Hence we are going to show how they have made these two brands as one of the top brands in the world. Objective of the study In this project our objective is to analyze the 4P’s of marketing i. e. Product, Price, Place and Promotion. We are also going to study how Unilever has targeted its market, segmented and positioned its self in the minds of the consumers in Bangladesh.Rexona- Rexona was originally created in Australia in 1900 by a pharmacist and his wife. Since then it has led the field by providing consumers with cutting-edge technology that is proven to deliver outstanding results. Rexona offers a wide range of highly effective antiperspirant deodorants to meet the everyday needs of men and women – everywhere. Rexona with its unique active ingredients provides 24-hours protection against body odour and underarm wetness to help keep one physically fresh and mentally confident, even in the  toughest moments.The rexona deodarents available in bangladesh are: rexona acitv reserve, rexona ice-cool and rexona power. Surf Excel- Surf excel is the highest selling premium washing powder in Bangladesh. Over the years it has anticipated the changing washing needs of the Bangladeshi homemaker and constantly upgraded itself. Surf excel has been a pioneer in the country in encouraging others to let their children explore and discover the world around them. For any consequential stains there is Surf excel. Surf excel's advanced formula effectively removes dried in stains.The surf excels available in bangladesh are: Surf excel Pack, surf excel mini and surf excel large pack. METHO DOLOGY The focus of this preliminary study was to get the primary information from the copmany itself. Hence we paid a visit to the Unliver bangladesh company in Dhaka. We were escorted by a few of their officials and asked them a few of the basic questions which were the following: 1) How did you segment the brands? 2) whom or which group of people did you target? 3) what is the positioning of your brand? Hence a detailed questionnaire was developed in order to collect the required information from them.The second part of the information was collected via internet. We searched for the information in their site- www. unilever. com. bd and www. wikipedia. org. INTRODUCTION Unilever is one of the world’s largest and leading multinational companies; Unilever commenced their business activities on a larger scale by setting up their first factory in Netherlands, in the year of 1872. Operating in Bangladesh for over the last four decades the company is trying to significantly contr ibute towards the augmentation of the standard of living by bringing world class high quality products at the door step of their customers.The usage of Unilever products by over 80% of the people in Bangladesh stands a testimony to their successful operation. Constitution: Unilever – 60. 75% shares, Government of Bangladesh – 39. 25%. xad Their array of products show that they produce household care, fabric cleaning, skin cleansing, skin care, oral care, hair care, personal grooming, and tea based beverage products under worldwide famous brand names Wheel, LUX, Lifebuoy, Fair & Lovely, Pond's, Close Up, Sunsilk, Lipton, Lipton Taaza, Pepsodent, All Clear, Vim, Surf Excel, and Rexona.Analysis of the marketing strategies Unilever produces many products. Among all the products, we are going to concentrate on two of their products which are – REXONA and SURF EXCEL. Segmentation 1) Rexona: Rexona deodorant segments its product on the basis of demographic segmentation . Demographic segmentation consists of Gender, age, lifestyle, occupation, income etc. The users of Rexona are mostly the young people and those who go to offices regularly. 2) Surf Excel: SURF EXCEL is the highest selling detergent powder in Bangladesh.It does not go for traditional mass marketing. Moreover as a detergent powder SURF EXCEL does not even segment its market according to gender. Surf Excel detergent segment its product on the basis of geographic segmentation. Geographic segmentation consists of world regions, country, city, density etc. [pic] (Figur2. 1): Market Segments of Surf excel Figure 2. 1 shows that Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. segments their market according to geographical areas. The population of the country is segmented into three parts which are urban, sub urban and rural area consumers. Targeting ) Rexona: Rexona deodorant targets those people who have to go to office and those who spend a long time outside their house. Rexona target millions of people in lo w-income markets, such as Asia, to enjoy the brand's benefits via affordable mini-sticks, mini-roll-ons and sachets of deodorant. 2) Surf Excel: According to the segmentation unilever’s target market for Surf Excel is those families who has children and get their cloth dirty in all sorts of areas and need to wash them. This product is mostly used by those family which has children and need to wash cloths 4/5 time a week.Positioning 1) Rexona: With Rexona's unique body-responsive technology, which releases extra protection as you need it, you'll know that your deodorant won't let you down, giving you the confidence to face the day's challenges. From the above statement we can see that Rexona deodorant has positioned itself as number one deodorant brand in the country. Positioning Statement: â€Å"Rexona with its unique active ingredients provides 24-hours protection against body odor and underarm wetness to help keep one physically fresh and mentally confident, even in the  toughest moments. 2) Surf Excel: Unilever Bangladesh Ltd obtained a good position in the buyers’ mind through better product attributes, price and quality, offering the product in a different way than the competitors do. The company offers improved quality of products in the industry at an affordable price with high branding, which ultimately helps to position the product in the buyers’ mind as the best quality detergent powder. The market share of the company in the detergent powder industry is somewhere around 43%.Since in the detergent powder industry all products are of same price Unilever cannot provide its consumers with better price but it is in a great position in reference with its packaging, fragrances and product designing. Marketing Mix Product SURF EXCEL falls under the category of toiletry product as a detergent powder. SURF EXCEL has three layers- Core benefit: Cleaning clothes Actual product: its color (white & blue powder), brand name (Surf Excel), fe atures (unique washing powder which clean clothes). Augmented product: Give surety of clean clothes perfectly.Rexona falls under the category of Cosmetics product as a deodorant. Rexona has three layers- Core benefit: provides a good body odor. Actual Product: flavor (ice cool, mini free spirit, active reserve), brand name (Rexona), styles (body spray & roll on). Augmented product: 24- hours’ freshness guarantee. Key facts ? world's largest deodorant in sales and market shares ? number 1 position across more than half the world ? proprietary body-responsive technology ? the only brand tailored to the individual needs of men and women PriceThough Unilever Bangladesh gives its Surf Excel & Rexona customers a lot in terms of the product itself, it cannot provide a better pricing. This is due to some constraints in the product industry. Surf Excel & Rexona is a product with a vulnerable demand in Bangladesh. A change in price has a high risk of creating price war among the rivals which will eventually cause a loss of profit. Its prices are almost equal to its competitor. Table 1 shows Surf Excel & Rexona price. Recently Unilever launched Surf Excel â€Å"Mini† which contains 20g detergent.Basically its launched for the lower class people. (Table 1): Surf Excel & Rexona price |Surf Excel |Rexona | |Weight |Price |Product |Price | |3 kg |430 Tk. |Activreserve (40g) |100 Tk | |500 g. |70 Tk |Ice Cool (40g) |110 Tk | |20 g. 3 Tk |Power (40g) |100 Tk | | |Free Spirit (40g) |120 Tk. | Place Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. has a huge distribution channel for Surf Excel & Rexona all over the country. The company has six huge warehouses, one in each division of Bangladesh, where the product goes after they are manufactured at Unilever’s factory. Table 2 shows the location of its six warehouses in Bangladesh. The company does not use its own fleet of transport for distributing its product.However, it has outsourced its distribution process to various third pa rty distributors, exclusively dedicated to Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. These distributors then supply the product all over Bangladesh to a huge number of retailers. Even though Surf Excel & Rexona targets the sub urban middle and upper middle class people they are distributing their products all over Bangladesh because of a recent increase in demand of its product to all segments of the population. (Table 2): Location of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd’s Divisional Warehouses Division |Location of Warehouse | |Dhaka |Dhaka City | |Chittagong |Kalurghat Heavy I/A | |Sylhet |Sylhet City | |Rajshahi |Rajshahi City | |Khulna |Khulna City | |Barisal |Barisal City | Promotion Rexona & Surf Excel – Rexona deodorant and surf excel use television as the media of advertising. Most of the commercial advertisements are made in such a way so that the consumers are attracted to buy the product. Rexona & Surf Excel promotes itself by providing new advertisements and making its customer aware of the availability of its new and improved versions of the product. They also promote via billboard, magazines and leaflets. An advertisement of Sur Excel: [pic] Packaging Surf ExcelSurf excel is the highest selling premium washing powder in Bangladesh. Over the years it has anticipated the changing washing needs of the Bangladeshi homemaker and constantly upgraded itself. It has been constantly improving its packaging. It’s developing different shapes and sizes of colorful packages in order to attract the customers and retain customers. [pic][pic][pic] 3 kg 500g 20g Rexona Rexona has a unique bottle which is protected from dust, moisture and pollution. Rexona offers a wide range of highly effective antiperspirant deodorants to meet the everyday needs of men and women – everywhere.Rexona with its unique active ingredients provides 24-hours protection against body odour and underarm wetness to help keep one physically fresh and mentally confident, even in the  tough est moments. [pic][pic][pic][pic] Free Spirit Mini Ice Cool Ionic Mini Free Spirit Public Relation: Public relations are a major mass-promotion tool for an organization. Public relations (PR) are the practice of managing the flow of information between an organization and its publics. PR can be used to build rapport with employees, customers, investors, voters, or the general public. Common activities include speaking at conferences, working with the press, and employee communication. ShareholdersUnilever conducts its operations in accordance with internationally accepted principles of good corporate governance. It provides timely, regular and reliable information on the activities, structure, financial situation and performance to all shareholders. Distributor Unilever maintains a good relation with the distributors so that the products which they produce can easily reach to the consumers at convenient locations. With the help of distributors Unilever can also maintain its product price in such a way that it can also earn a marginal profit against it cost. Consumers Unilever is committed to providing branded products and services which consistently offer value in terms of price and quality, and which are safe for their intended use.Products and services are accurately and properly labeled, advertised and communicated. Publicity Unilever is distributing free sample of Rexona and Surf Excel â€Å"Mini packs† to the students of various universities for its publicity. Its also provide sponsorship to many programs and events (such as sports, reality shows, talent hunt etc. ) occurring throughout the country. Children celebrated the Surf Excel Daag Utsab, an innovative activation campaign, at Dhaka Residential Model College amid much enthusiasm. Over 3,000 students, aged 6 to 12, from 20 city schools took part in 15 fun games under three zones — Red, Blue and Orange — in two sessions.Surf Excel, a brand of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd, organized the programme in association with Market Access. Politics Unilever maintains a cordial relationship with the government of Bangladesh. It has legal rights to operate in this country by abiding the laws and rules followed by the country. They pay taxes regularly and donate the government during natural calamities. RECOMMENDATION After studying on SURF EXCEL and REXONA we understood that the image of two brands in the market meet the customer needs regarding toiletries and cosmetics items. Though there existing other competitors but these two brands build up its core customer to fulfill the business objectives.In the current days Surf Excel is a common name used in about to every family due to its quality, price and its availability what is also true for Rexona. Besides this, there are some points to be followed to extend and strengthen the business- 1. The marketing strategy should be more attractive to compete with the market competitors (i. e. door to door selling). 2. The price, prom otion, and distribution channel should be favorable to the customers. 3. The advertising should be livelier that can touch the customers mind and satisfaction. 4. The packaging should be changed after a certain time interval. 5. Retail network should be improved to maintain the balanced business over the whole year. 6.The business performance should be such a level that can keep the company in the first place in the stock exchange chart. 7. To achieve the maximum selling the price should be offered with a minimum margin that can make the maximum customers target. 8. The corporate social responsibility should be properly maintained. Bibliography www. unilever. com. bd www. wikipedia. org http://www. unilever. com. bd/resources. /contactus. asp http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0BDW/is_20_42/ai_74699188/ www. unilever. com/brands/personalcarebrands/Rexona. aspx www. unilever. com. au/ourbrands/personalcare/rexona_products/default. asp —————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Rural Poor Urban and Sub Urban Upper Middle and Middle Class Urban Rich

On mona lisa smile

The film which is about a young and an idealist teacher who want to change something. The film which involves the reflections of feminism and functionalism. In this essay I analyze these reflections. Firstly,according to the functionalism,everyone in society has a role and everyone play their role contribute to the smooth functioning of society. Children learn and internalize the norms and expectations which are accepted in a society. In this wise,they adopt sex roles. So,gender roles are compatible with sex.Because there are innate differences. N the movie,the girls who study at the college take courses not only physics and art history but also speech and marriage. Because they will graduate in a few years and they will find a good husband and then they will be housewife. They will have responsibilities such as providing comfort a man and care of children. Because gender roles are innate. Gender roles are learned and internalized with the help of agencies such as family,educational institutions. There are these agencies in this movie.Furthermore,functional approach suggest that gender differences contribute to social stability and integration. Namely,the women should concentrate on domestic and family responsibilities while men work outside the home. There are expressive roles for women and instrumental roles for men. The females should provide care and security of children and offer them emotional support. Men,on the other hand,are the breadwinner in the family. For example,in this movie,the girls are given courses about the importance of expressive roles.But there is a unequal division of labor within the Emily. Functionalism believes that this state is necessary for the maintenance of social stability. There are examples of giving importance of this necessity in the movie. Divorce is seen a bad state by people in that society and the mother don't accept her daughter who want to back home. Functionalists emphasize the importance of moral consensus which exis t when most people in a society share the same values and it is important to maintain order for them. In the movie,there is a order and balance in the society.Because there are rules,arrangements,traditions and values which interlink the people. In this way,the moral consensus exist in a society. For instance,there are traditional competitions which are about marriage having a baby in college. Secondly,feminist approaches reject the idea that gender inequality IA natural. Feminism is based on women's freedom. The women should not be representative of their gender roles which are given them in innate. Instead,they should live by their own definition. In the movie,the teacher is defender of feminism.Her opinion is that her students should be more free when they take their own decisions. She provide that the students discuss on the subject in the class. In the way,their ideas will occur and they will not copy other people's opinion. Also,feminist approach emphasizes that there must be equal opportunity between women and men. For example,the range of education. The teacher encourage the student in studying law. To sum up,it is possible to see that the reflections of functionalism and feminism in the movie. Essay on Mona Lisa smile By kickball

Happieness and Success

Happiness to me may be different from what another person may deem as happiness and what success means to me may be different from what another person may deem as success. Happiness and success Is as different to everyone as there are different people In the world. But we all need to ask ourselves â€Å"what Is It that would truly make me happy and what do I need to do to ensure that I am successful? † This is a personal responsibility question that we all need to ask of ourselves at one point in our lives.Herman Cain puts it best saying â€Å"Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful. † As a young child and as an only child growing up in Southern California while raised by a single mother I learned a lot and came to realize a few things throughout the years. Out of everything I learned throughout my life one of the things that impacted me the most was watching my mother wake up every day going to work doing a Job that she wasn't happy with doing.A Job she did out of personal spontaneously to me, to provide and to take care of me which I truly appreciate to this day. While watching her do this day In and day out, year In and year out I told myself that â€Å"l do not want to be like that when I get older, I want to be happy with the job that I am doing, no matter what it is, as long as I am happy doing it. † To me being happy with your job is the real measure of success. Alexander Jarful states in his article that, â€Å"you should start by liking what you do.The single most efficient way to increase your productivity is to be happy at work. No system, tool or methodology in the world can beat the productivity boost you get from really, really enjoying your work†. As it was my mother's personal responsibility to take care of me, it's my personal responsibility to be happy and succeed in everything that I do. Now this hasn't always been the case for me while growing up but as I have gotten older and gained more responsibility the more I strive to apply what I have learned to make It happen and apply what I have learned In my dally life.Alexander Jarful gives a list of the 10 most Important reasons why happiness tit your work is the number one productivity booster and these are his 10 reasons:† nappy people work netter wilt toners, nappy people are more creative, nappy people fix problems instead of complaining about them, happy people have more energy, happy people are more optimistic, happy people are way more motivated, happy people get sick less often, happy people learn faster, happy people worry less about making mistakes and consequently make fewer mistakes and happy people make better decisions†.Now those sound like some pretty compelling reasons on why Ewing happy is so important to have when it comes to the Job that one may have. I think it is imperative to try and be happy with work because it clearly affects one's well-being, one's health and one's relationships with friends and coworkers. How could one not be successful while being happy with work? I don't think it's possible. Happiness breeds success and the level of success one has is up to them. Just don't lose happiness as success is gained. I feel it is up to me to make it my goal to be happy with my career.To be happy ND a success later in life with my goals lay out in front of me. I need to have success in college first and try to be happy while going to school, let's face it school is not always the most fun thing to do but I can at least try to be happy doing it. By keeping in mind the end goal which the end goal is graduation so I can really start the process to doing a Job/career I can truly be happy in doing. To me being able to wake up every day being happy or to look forward to going to work would be one of the greatest things I can do in my life.By me being happy in what I'm doing will trickle own to every aspect of my life; from my business, to my family and being successful and making money will all stem from the happiness in my life and career. I want my son to look at me one day and say to his-self â€Å"l want to be like my dad when I grow up. I want to be happy with work and life Just like him. † I want for him to learn from my mistakes as I learned from my mother's mistakes. I also want him to learn from the right decisions that I made in my life. It's my personal responsibility to be successful for myself my family and to be happy while doing it.

Review of The Ryan Boot Company Financical Statement Essay

Review of The Ryan Boot Company Financical Statement - Essay Example This ratio is to be analyzed in comparison with the profit margin. Since Ryan is putting more assets for generating lesser profit margin this ratio is very less as compared to that of the industry. Ryan would be able to increase the profit margin by lowering the total assets or increasing the profit margin. This area needs immediate attention. It is observed that this ratio is slightly higher than that of the industry. When the ROE is higher and ROA is lower, it implies that the company is trading mainly on debt funds. This implies that the debt ratio for the company is high. This is observed from the balance sheet of the company. It is seen from the balance sheet that while the long term debt of the company stands at 2,500,000 the current liabilities are 2,750,000. Although there is no harm in carrying larger current liabilities since they are non-interest bearing, it is important that the company maintains proper short term liquidity position to meet these liabilities as and when they become due. On one side although this is an advantageous position for the company from another angle this points towards a weakness for the company. This ratio is lower than that of the industry and shows a weakness for the company. This implies that either the company is too liberal in its credit policies to augment its credit sales or the company is following inefficient collection policies. If Ryan is in the habit of offering higher credit periods to its customers the company has to have a close look into the products as to the necessity for offering such higher credit terms. On the other hand if the collection policies of the company are inefficient and weak they need to be tightened so that this ratio improves. Otherwise the company will incur losses on account of more bad debts. This ratio is found to be lower than that of the industry and therefore represents a weakness for the company. It is for the company to reduce its total assets base

Antibiotic resistance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Antibiotic resistance - Research Paper Example In other words, it is "resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial medicine to which it was previously sensitive" (WHO, 2011). According to WHO (2011), more than 440,000 new cases of multidrug resistant tuberculosis emerge every year, resulting significant morbidity and mortality (David et al, 2008). To date, antibiotic resistance has been reported in more than 64 countries (WHO, 2011). Antibiotic resistance occurs due to genetic alteration of the organism and transferring of the altered genes between the organisms. The transfer can occur through transduction, conjugation or transformation. Antibiotic resistance is a major public health challenge globally because; resistant microorganisms fail to respond to medical therapy and result in prolonged illness and sometimes death. It hampers the control of infectious diseases. According to WHO (2011), "many infectious diseases risk becoming uncontrollable and could derail the progress made towards reaching the targets of the health-r elated United Nations Millennium Development Goals set for 2015. " Other than these, antibiotic resistance also contributes to increased cost to health care and jeopardizes various health gains to the society. In this research article, various strategies to prevent emergence of antibiotic resistance will be discussed through review of suitable literature. The article will also discuss about causes and mechanism of antibiotic resistance and consequences of antibiotic resistance. Literature review According to Williams and Sefton (1999), prevention of antibiotics resistance consists of mainly 2 parts, one is prevention of acquisition of strains that are antibiotics resistent and interruption of the various mechanisms by which antibiotic resistant organisms can spread from person to person. Antibiotic resistance mainly occurs due to use of antibiotics both in humans and animals. The greater the duration of exposure of the antibiotic, the greater is the risk of development of resistance to that particular antibiotic. The resistance occurs irrespective of the severity of the need to administer antibiotics. Thus antibiotic resistance is a major problems for clinicians. Antibiotics are often used for rearing animals for consumption purpose and this is a significant cause for antibiotic resistance. As far as use in humans is concerned, these drugs are administered to patients for both necessary and unnecessary causes and this contributes to drug resistance. In several countries, antibiotics are available over the counter and patients use them without medical advice. According to Costelloe et al (2010), even one single dose of antibiotic can contribute to resistance to that antibiotic upto one year. Arnols and Straus (2005) opined that inappropriate antibiotic prescription is the most common cause of antibiotic resistance and this can occur when the patient insists on antibiotics, when the physician prescribes antibiotics either for caution against medical legal issues , or because he has not time to explain why antibiotics must not be administered or the physician prescribes the antibiotics because of poor judgement regarding the cause of infection. According to a study by McNulty et al (2007), 33 percent of individuals feel that antibiotics have treated their common cold effectively. With such ignorance both from public and professional side, erratic prescription and intake of antibiotics

Discuss the themes expolred in George Eliot's Adam Bede Essay

Discuss the themes expolred in George Eliot's Adam Bede - Essay Example She lived in a male dominated society and which is why she was forced to satisfy her desire of writing by acquiring a Pseudonym, which was again a male name â€Å"George Eliot†. She was a rebel and her novels were not fantasies but were based on real life experiences. In this novel she has explored various themes like – Class Discrimination, Love, Motherhood, Identity of Women, Human Infanticide, Industry, Nature, Adultery and Reputation in the society. Every character in Eliot’s novel bears some kind of significance. Each one possesses certain traits that make readers understand how a person should be or should not be. As every character unfolds in the novel, we find how skillfully, Eliot has dealt with different themes or issues in the form of events or happenings in the lives of those characters. Every character is the personification of every theme, which the writer intends to convey to the readers. Adam Bede, the protagonist of this novel is a carpenter by profession. He is a very lovable character, good looking and is a true moralist. He is described to have extra-ordinary skills in carpentry. He falls in love with Hetty Sorel, the orphaned niece of Mr. Poyser. Mr and Mrs. Poyser feel that Hetty and Adam would make a good match, as they both belong to the same social class. On the other side, Captain Arthur Donnithorne, who is the grandson of the Squire Donnithorne also is in love with Hetty. He is physically attracted towards her but suddenly changes his mind and thinks that it would not be good to continue his courtship with Hetty, who belongs to a lower class than his. Hetty too loves Arthur and dreams of marrying Captain Arthur and becoming a gentlewoman. She dreams of the riches and the respect she would be getting after marrying Arthur. Thus we come to know that marriage was moreover based on social class than love. Before marrying every person thought of the reputation or the standard of his or her partner. Thus we see that Eliot has

Disaster recovery plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disaster recovery plan - Essay Example I have a detention center that sits on 4.5 acres of area. It’s composed of approximately 196,000 sq. feet of space, comprised of laboratories, faculty offices, administrative offices, auditoriums, classrooms, gymnasium, cafeteria and housing. All of the buildings on campus are constructed with steel frames and supported by concrete spread footing as per the uniform building codes of the State of Virginia. All basement walls are reinforced concrete and are protected by waterproofing through out. To begin with a few observations are necessary. The construction in this space are all up to code and well-built. That sort of standardization makes coming up with a place much easier. Second, the size of the area is not especially large, but it bigger than an ordinary small business. That must be taken into account. The first step to take is a Risk Analysis. What kind of risks are these operations subject to? Can they be anticipated? How serious are they? Can their impact be minimized? Virginia is not known to suffer from a lot of earthquakes or natural disasters. The most likely disaster are fires and major storms. The more serious of these—a fire—can be effectively anticipated by a serious sprinkler system and well-trained security personnel. The operations do not take place on the edge of a cliff or near a large body of water so many potential risks are therefore averted. Next it is important to look at the budget for any such plan. How much are you willing to spend. In order to protect from a fire it might be a good idea to make all walls fire retardant—that, however, would be prohibitively expensive. There is only so much money in the world. Still, it is important to remember than an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Look for effective and efficient way of reducing risk, with an eye to your pocketbook. No plan should be more than five per cent of operating costs. It is possible to become too paranoid about these sorts of things. Once

The contemporary issues in India Research Paper - 1

The contemporary issues in India - Research Paper Example The country is suffering from the problem of corruption and this is restricting the human development efforts in the country. Human trafficking is also an issue that is tarnishing the reputation of the country and many people are being trafficked from India into other countries. The increasing population of India is also a major problem the country is facing. All these issues will be discussed in great detail in the essay. Corruption, human trafficking, and increasing population are the three issues that will be discussed in the essay. Corruption is one of the most major issues India is facing today. Many institutions of the country like politics, bureaucracy, and law enforcement institutions all are suffering from the deadly disease of corruption (Express India, p.1). India became an independent state in 1947, before then it was a British colony. In more than half of a century the institutions of the country have not developed enough and this is why the problem of corruption exists in the country. The lack of infrastructure in the country may also be responsible for corruption because people working for the civil services know that they will not be caught while taking bribes. This lack of fear of conviction is one of the major reasons of growth of corruption in India. India is facing corruption problems at the grass root level. It is not just the institutional level of corruption that is haunting India. Lower level civil employees have developed a habit of taking bribes from the ordinary citizens. It is common for very small restaurant owners to pay bribes even to stay open for longer hours (Burke, p.1). This level of prevalence of corruption is extremely dangerous because eradicating it becomes impossible. Top level corruption can be controlled by changing the management of the country through effective leadership but lower level of corruption means that the

Literature Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature Review - Research Paper Example According to Goodall, Vorhaus and Carpentieri (2011), parents are responsible of participating in early childhood education. Even after a child begins attending school, it is vital to note that, they spend only 15 percent of their time in school. Though the school and its environment are vital factors in the academic development of children, different studies support the idea that parents have a crucial role in influencing academic achievement (Emerson, Fear, Josh, Stacey & Sanders 2012) The North Carolina State University (2010) found that parental involvement entails activities such as attending school meetings, checking on the progress and completion of homework, attending school events and discussing academic activities with their children at home (Goodall et al, 2011). Sciarra (2004) suggests that parents should create opportunities and appropriate environments for the academic achievement of their children (Sciarra 49). Parents need to remove disruptions such as noise, excessiv e films and television and the invitation of friends during home studying hours. The home and learning environment need to be favorable for the learning of the child. The learning environment coupled with parental involvement boost the learning process of children. ... s found that parental involvement had positive effects on the academic outcome of a child, while some researchers found that parental involvement had negative effects to the educational outcomes of a child (Sciarra 72). Studies that found negative impacts of parental engagement implied that parental engagement diminished the academic achievement of a child. These inconsistencies can be explained on different grounds. It is vital to note that different researchers have different definitions of the term parental engagement. Some of the researchers considered parental engagement as good parenting while other researchers considered parental engagement as the formation of favorable relationships between parents and teachers (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003). Early studies showed positive links between parental engagement in the academic activities of their children and their children’s academic progress. Taken collectively, it is possible to establish that parental involvement throug h the creation of interests in the academic affairs of a child has positive effects on the child’s academic achievement and behavior. A different study published by the Review of Economics and Statistics found that parent efforts in activities such as meeting with teachers and reading stories aloud to their children immensely impact on the educational achievement of children (Hiatt-Michael, 2005). This means that parental involvement has a bigger impact on academic achievement than the effort expended by teachers (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003). The study also stated that schools would have to increase their budget by $1,000 in case parents take a backseat in the academic activities of their children. This means that the impact of parent involvement in the academic activities of their children

Is democracy an antidote to revolution for Tocqueville Discuss with Essay

Is democracy an antidote to revolution for Tocqueville Discuss with reference to De la democratie Amerique - Essay Example The difference between the revolution in France and the American Revolution marks its way in the book â€Å"Democracy in America† that Alexis De Tocqueville has written has written as a commentary about the young nation of migrants with its hodgepodge of races and people but was still able to harmonize and assimilate democracy through its definite leadership and concrete adherence to the ideals unlike the monarchical affinities that was still common in Europe. Though he did not hold a mastery of politics, De Tocqueville embarked on an elaboration of his conceived notions of America in his study during his sojourn in the country. A comparison of the continent of Europe in the early 17th century manifests where supreme monarchy is omnipresent and victorious over the oligarch and feudal freedom during the Middle Ages. The concept of right was blemished in the grandeur of Europe, there were few activities of political nature, no idea of liberty expressed openly, in which time these principles were already proclaimed in the land known as the New World where it is openly accepted and viewed as the future of the nation. These intrepid theories of human nature and of intellectual reason were then practiced by a community modest in its application by the statesmen in charged of its proliferation (De Tocqueville, p.60). The principles which have become the basis of today’s constitutions that used to be unknown in Europe and were unsuccessful in Great Britain during this time were already recognized in America. Among these are; the capability of the citizens to intervene in matters concerning the public, the autonomy in the election of taxes, the innate responsibility of those delegated with power, personal liberty, jury trials, etc. that were already in discussion in the New World. These principles which are seen vastly today are the positive consequences resulting from the applications from

School Uniforms Essay Example for Free

School Uniforms Essay Uniforms in the School Environment: Can Clothing Really Effect Your Education? Going to public schools all my life, I heard the gossip of fashion and whose wearing what,pretty much everyday; at least in the four years of high school where it seemed that looks mattered the most. As people grow up, the way they present themselves becomes more and more important. Leaving a good mark in high school means a lot to some people, and some are ready to do whatever it takes to make that mark, whether it be putting someone down for their clothing or being an individual and not caring what others think of you or what your wearing. Having friends from middle school that branched out and went the alternative route; private schools, one of the first things that came back to me from them was how much easier it was to having a uniform to wear to school. Going to a school where uniforms are strictly enforced can help to create a better learning environment. Having uniforms would call for a lot less distraction in the classroom, there would be much more time for homework and there would not be as many problems concerning the wear of inappropriate clothing to take away from school time. A quote from the essay, The Achievement of Desire, by Richard Rodriguez fits particularly well in this essay. Get all the education you can, with an education you can do anything. This just doesnt seem like the main idea to many kids anymore and I think that uniforms would help to bring that thought back into a lot of our heads. I know that the idea of wearing a uniform repulses many people, but when broken down, school uniforms really do seem like the way to go. If it was a requirement to wear a uniform to school, there would be many more kids paying attention in classes. Looking around the classroom at what other kids are wearing is a great way to make time fly by. If everyone was wearing the same things, then the distraction of different clothing would be eliminated. Many people worry that uniforms would take away the opportunity for kids to be who they are or who they want to be, but I feel as though wearing uniforms would simply force kids to show their individualism in ways outside of fashion and appearance. When looking at an Opinion Board on the internet I came across the idea that visually uniforms result in a more equal and adult treatment of students, eliminating any idea that one student is being favored over another. Visually, all students were equal. They appeared equal which resulted in more equal treatment from both peers and teachers alike. When a student looks presentable, they will not only be treated as a student, but as an equal, which I feel both students and teachers would benefit from. In the essay, The ? Banking Concept of Education,written by Paulo Freire, there were two types of education discussed. Bankingeducation and Problem-Posing education. Banking education was looked at with the idea that the teacher was the higher power and the student was simply an object where as in Problem-Posing education, the teacher and students both taught and learned the information together. Uniforms would help bring Problem-Posing teaching back into the classrooms of many schools. There would also be a large drop in the amount of teasing that goes on in school. When I asked my old roommate, Maureen Brillante, who attended Sacred Heart Academy about the benefits of going to a school with uniforms, one of the first things she said was that it prevents peoples feelings from being hurt since everyone is wearing the same thing. There is a lot less gossip about clothes and it is much harder to judge people when everyone looks the same. The atmosphere around the whole school just seems brighter that way, she said with a big smile on her face. Having gone to an elementary school that did not have uniforms, Maureen experienced both worlds and found uniforms made high school that much easier to get through. Decisions, Decisions. Should I go home and get my homework done or should I go to the mall and get those new shoes I saw online the other day? Uniforms would help to eliminate one of these decisions. If you had to wear a uniform to school, maybe you would not be in such a rush to go buy the latest clothing, after all, you really cant even wear it to school. This gives a student more time for homework and studying. A great deal of studying and focusing is needed to succeed in school, which Richard Rodriguez emphasizes greatly in his essay The Achievement of Desire. The boy needs to spend more and more time studying, each night enclosing himself in the silence permitted and required by intense concentration. Without this concentration Rodriguez speaks of, a students grades are bound to suffer. Another benefit of uniforms is that you will save money because you wont be buying half the amount of clothes that you normally would be if you did not need to wear a uniform. This idea didnt even cross my mind until my interview with Maureen. In the long run, you really start to save money. A few outfits for the weekends are all you really need, and unless the school changes uniforms while youre there, you can pretty much wear your same uniform for as long as you can fit into it. There is also a lot more time in the mornings to wake up and have a healthy breakfast because you dont have to worry about picking out an outfit to wear. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and I can say that there were many occasions where I skipped breakfast simply because I was running late and picking out clothes seemed to be the bigger picture at that time. I know when I was in high school, some girls came to school late or didnt come at all because they couldnt find an outfit they wanted to wear. Ridiculous? I think so. What did the wearing of school uniforms accomplish? It directly interfered with gangs, gang colors, gang associations, gang affiliations that tended to have more control over the students than either teachers or parents . . . School uniforms did away with such extra curricular activities as thievery. It is not uncommon for the police to receive calls from irate parents regarding their childs loss of an expensive clothing article. School uniformity focuses the attention on where it belongs: academics. You can find the important point that uniforms create less of a boundary to cross when it comes to what kids wear to school on the Holden Police Department web page. There are fewer rules at a school with uniforms simply because the section labeled Dress Code is either nonexistent or simply a brief section on how to wear your uniform properly. Gangs are brought into schools by the gangs members wearing their colors or their logos on their clothing. This brings together two worlds that just should never meet. Although I dont hear much about it these days, uniforms would give kids fewer things to want to steal in high school. Whether it be in the locker room or in lost-and-found, kids would be more honest, because who really wants to steal someone elses uniform? There would also be less shoplifting because kids would have enough money to buy the few outfits they need to wear outside of school. Sex-exploitation is another issue that would be eliminated with uniforms. Girls would not be allowed to wear such skimpy outfits to school, distracting less people, and creating better reputations for everyone. Less time would be spent in the schools main office and more time would be put into being in the classroom. Kids would have fewer ways to get detentions or even expulsion because inappropriate clothing would no longer exist. Forcing kids to find other ways to show their individuality would compel kids to think more about whom they are and not so much about what they wear. Although it may look as if its the cool thing to wear all the latest styles and be up on fashion, does it really seem worth it to risk getting simply an ok education? Where are those priorities of school work and studying for a test when you are out shopping at the mall? In the end it really does make the most sense to simply suck up the idea of wearing the same thing as every other girl or boy at your school and leave with a better education, and a better sense of seeing people for what and who they really are; not what they are or arent wearing. Imagining the idea of a school that one does not have to worry about what kids will say about their outfits, about whether or not what they are wearing is appropriate for school grounds or getting to the mall after school to buy that new sweater they saw in the AF catalogue (which means blowing off that tutoring secession they had to help raise their math grade), seems so far from reality and all that I knew in high school, yet at the same time seems like the ideal way to spend those four important years of high school, those four years in which all of your hard work pays off and gets you accepted into the number one college of your choice. That sounds like the perfect four years of high school to me. School Uniforms Essay Example for Free School Uniforms Essay A group of small boys and girls all warring the same colored uniforms assembled in front of a catholic school is what I imagine when thinking about school uniforms. This is probably what most people imagine. They have been attached to students of European and private schools. Such pictures of students dressing in school uniforms have led to stereotyping and a negative attitude towards schools enforcing a uniform policy. Displayed as robots without the ability to express them selves in a society that says you must express yourself and be an individual at all cost. The problem is that the cost to express yourself and be an individual is high in some cases, in Detroit, a 15-year-old boy was killed for his $86 basketball shoes (Tweeters 1997). I believe that cost is to high, it would be better to be laughed at and teased about warring a nerdy uniform, than to be shot by some gang member that did not like the color of the pants Im warring. School uniforms have been the cause of many jokes and harassment to those who wore them. In the past, public schools considered uniforms old and out dated trends, though recently many public schools are starting to implement and enforce a uniform policy. The implementation of a school uniform policy is important if we are still striving to improve our students. The arguments against them are fading while the positive reasons are promoting school uniforms and gaining ground. Some of the possible benefits are safety, cost, uniformity and competition in academics instead of fashions. The main argument against them is the need for students to express their individual selves; this argument is losing ground compared to the benefits of the uniform policy. Today many public schools are mandating and enforcing school uniforms for their students. San Antonio School district requires all 60,000 of its students to wear uniforms; over 60% of Fort Worths elementary schools require their students to ware uniforms (Radcliffe 1999). In 1995, the Texas legislature gave public school districts the authority to require uniforms under Texas State Law 11. 162 of the Texas Education Code. (Appendix A). The law however is a voluntary law; schools are not required to have a uniform policy. A Dallas attorney Domingo Garcia has filed a proposed legislation that would make it mandatory to wear uniforms in Grades k-12 in Texas (Ramos 1997). The first fundamental issue that school board officials and law makers should look at before they make new policies and laws concerning school uniforms is, will these new laws and policies have a positive impact on students overall performance. This would not be limited to academic performances only but should also include other socially learned behavior that will enhance the students ability to conform to the social norms needed to be successful in todays society. People for uniforms say that the academic performance has been and will increase by having the students ware them (Caruso 1996). A lessened degree of attention and concern with fashion will enable a better condition for serious study, as well as lesson the cultural and economic challenges of students and parents. (Cohn 1996, Paliokos 1996) Nathan Minster, a seventh grader at Country Day of Arlington said, Uniforms provide a better educational atmosphere, and symbolize school spirit. If all students dress alike, their attention will not focus on Johnnys new Tommy Hilfiger outfit. (Teeters 1996). Any situation that does not promote the improvement of students in school should be looked at and studied to find ways to change the situation. There are no positive aspects to worrying about not having the money to buy the coolest and newest fashions. Would it not be better to strive and worry about who can get the best grade or do the best science project. Is the reduction of crime going to help improve our students? We must agree that there is no part of our students lives that can be improved by the atmosphere of crime. We need to ask the question, What ought to be? When it comes to school and crime. How to deal with crime is one of the ethical questions all school administrators and lawmakers must address and act on accordingly. The statistics say that schools having a school uniform policy have seen a decrease in crime. Long Beach Unified School District was the first large urban school district in the United States to require school uniforms. They have seen substantial decreases in crime in the past five years since they have required uniforms. One incredible reduction was that sex offenses have decreased 93%. (Appendix B). The cost of implementing a uniform policy must also be looked at closely. The fact that all students have different degrees of economic status requires us to address this matter. If a student cannot afford uniforms would they not be able to go to school. Would it be better to have them spend all their money on uniforms so they could go to school, but because of that they dont have the money to participate in after school sports or social events. Maybe they would spend the money on uniforms instead of nutritious food, which could affect their health. The current Texas law does provide ways of providing uniforms for students who cannot afford to buy them. (Appendix A). The Long Beach Unified School District has privately funded over $160,000 for assistance to disadvantaged students. By doing this they have not put any financial burden on the taxpayers. The cost can be high, as it has been for the San Antonio School district, which has spent about $500,000 to outfit 90% of their students (Radcliffe 1999). Unlike Long Beach School District, San Antonios uniform policy has cost the taxpayers a lot of money. They ought to look at ways of reducing the cost to taxpayers, possible private funding from companies that participate in philanthropic programs. What are the ethical concerns for schools considering school uniforms? The nation has implemented school uniforms in about 25 percent of the public elementary, middle, and junior high schools according to the (California School News March 31,1997). The general improvements of the students who attend schools that requiring them to ware uniforms has shown an improvement. I can conclude from the improvements that we ought to have 100 percent of public schools starting uniform policies. I dont believe that waiting for years of research and study on this issue will change the outcome. Students are moving through school fast and to wait for years to go by before making this a policy can only lesson the improvement chances of the students who are currently in school. The motivation of this issue is not to infringe on students rights or burden parents with extra cost, but to simply improve the students. Do students have rights as part of the American populous? If so, what are there rights? Do they even have the right to choose to go or not to go to school, or is this, the rights of the parents and society? Our society is now more than ever concerned with our rights and feelings. Is a first graders mind able to use these rights for there best interest or is it up to the adult population? Parents are the ones who should teach and mentor the students in the spirit of the rights and how to use them for the good judgment and common sense. The Bible says, For I, too, was once a son, tenderly loved by my mother as an only child, and the companion of my father. He told me never to forget his words. If you follow them, he said, you will have a long and happy life. Learn to be wise, he said, and develop good judgment and common sense! I cannot overemphasize this point. (Proverbs 3: 3-5). Is it more important for us to make a place where the student can improve in the general sense compared to the First amendment claims that the students dont have the right of free expression? Any dress restriction that infringes on a students First Amendment right must be justified by a showing that the students attire materially disrupts school operation, infringes on the rights of others at the school, or otherwise interferes with any basic educational mission of he school (Grantham 1994). The legal aspect of requiring students to ware uniforms is a small matter if the majority of the parents back the policy. However, some will fight with every penny they have so that their kids will not have to ware the uniforms. The biggest legal issue is the First Amendments, right to free expression and the Fourteenth Amendment. They use this to say that the school has violated the students liberty to control his or her personal appearance ( Paliokos 1996). Stakeholders are involved in every part of this issue. Every person is a stakeholder. It will affect, children, adults, and elderly in one way or another, some more than others will. The children will be affected because they will have to ware the uniforms. Primary social stakeholders would be the students, parents, school employees and administrators, taxpayers, people opposed to and people for school uniforms. I dont have children but I am a stakeholder because if the uniform policy is voted on and passed the chances are my local school tax will increase to help pay for the new uniforms. Paying for the uniforms might not seem fair to someone in my position but if I look at the long term benefits of having our public schools improve the students I believe that the chances of a better society in my golden years is more likely to happen compared with the alternative of not improving the students. The improvement of students basic education holds very high stakes for all stakeholders. If a student receives a better education he/she will have a better chance and be better equipped to be part of our adult society in which they will have to abide by our standard. The responsibility of the schools and lawmakers is to improve students. They are also responsible to do this within a budget. This does mean there will be some compromises and restrictions to what and how they accomplish this task of improving the students. They must also stay within the legal aspects of our laws, which has been brought about by society from the past. If the laws are no longer valid they need to be changed for the current situations faced today by schools trying to improve students. Lets look at the stakeholders and what stakes they face. See stakeholder map Appendix C. Students, parents, teachers, school administrators, and the general society are the stakeholders we will look at although there are many more secondary stakeholders involved with this issue. What challenges, threats or opportunities do these stakeholders pose? What economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities do they have? We will start by looking at the students. The challenge they have has been a negative and stressful one, what to wear today? is a question that will no longer have to be asked each morning before school. The desire to have the coolest and newest fashions is no longer a challenge for the students who attend schools with uniform policies. The challenge to not be teased or laughed at is no longer there. Jacqueline Rios, a student at Glencrest Middle School said, The good thing about uniforms is that everybody wears the same color. And having uniforms is a lot better, because people cannot talk about and laugh at your clothes. (Teeter 1997). We do however have the threat that some of the opposing students will not comply which could cause discipline problems or even cause them to drop out of school. The opportunities for the students are all positive ones. Simply put they will have more opportunities to better themselves with academic issues because the priority of fashion standards is gone as Assistant Director of elementary school operations, Frankie Batts, said, Instead of worrying about their clothes or what everyone else is wearing, kids focus on math and reading, (Richardson 1995). Parents will also enjoy the decreasing challenge of keeping their kids in the newest fashions. The money issue will improve for them, Three outfits can run about $130, said Jan Underwood, owner of the U. T. W. Uniforms store in Fort Worth (Teeters 1997). Parents have had to struggle with deciding if what there kids are warring is proper. You might even ask, is it ethical to let my daughter go to school in an almost see-through and skintight outfit? The students being at a school with a uniform policy would now solve this problem. A possible threat from the parents would be from those who feel and believe that kids should be able to do and ware what they want and to force them to ware a uniform is a violation of their kids rights as well as the law. They do however seem to be the minority, most parents seem to support uniforms. The Longview Independent School district says they would support the decision for school uniforms if 75 to 80 percent of the parents were for it (Bell 2000). Teachers will have the challenge of enforcing the new uniform polices but it will be much easier then enforcing the current dress code. At most, schools the guidelines of a dress code can be subjective in determining if they meet the requirements. Lets say, if the school dress policy said that girls must ware skirts that go down to there knees and a student is seen warring one that does meet that requirement but it is see-through and she is not wearing underpants. This could cause a problem because the requirement is subjective. If the uniform policy was in effect this would not be because the see-through skirt would either be part of the uniform and accepted or not, it would now be an objective decision for the teacher to make, either it is a violation or not. One of the great opportunities that it would give the teachers is by having all the students dress alike they would be able to identify students who belong to the school and trespassers who dont. This is a great safety issue in todays times where it is important to regulate who comes on campuses. How about on a school field trip would it not be easier to identify your students in a crowd if you did not have to remember what everyone was warring. Say they were kidnapped would it not be easier to describe them to the police. School administrators have all the issues to deal with. They are the ones who are challenged to improve the students. They have the challenge to implement school policies like uniforms in an effort to improve students. Their decisions go from the smallest detail, what colors, what style, what material, all or which can have either positive or negative effects on other stakeholders. They must accomplish this and be able to stay within the legal, economic and ethical parameters that currently guide their decisions. What a privilege they have with this opportunity to improve students who will in turn improve society and possibly the entire world. Though this is a great opportunity, it is also a great responsibility to have. General society has a stake that is both short term and long term. On the short term, they will have to support the decisions of the uniform policies that are imposed upon the students and parents. Some of the long-term stakes would be requiring paying for some of the uniforms for students who cannot afford them. For the few who oppose the uniforms they will not have to compromise their beliefs so that their kids can get an education. The Texas 1995 law allows some exceptions to the rules with a written request that states a bona fide religious or philosophical objection to the requirement. (Appendix A) Some recommendations that should be looked at by schools before starting a uniform policy could help reduce the problems that occur from putting new policies into effect. They need to be able to justify the actions by demonstrating the link between a kind of dress and disruptive behavior or between a dress and improvements of the students. They should consult with the schools legal advisors to possible legal problems. Determine ways of enforcing the policy as well as what punishment would occur. Finding out what the parents and students think and involving them before the final starting date. They might try to find out what the students favorite color or type of material they want to use. They might even look at having some variety maybe two different colors. This way the students will feel included in the decisions and might not fight the policy, making the discipline problem smaller because they would be less likely to rebel. A financial study should be conducted prior to the policy to determine how much burden is going to be imposed on the school itself, how many students would require financial assistance with the cost of the uniforms. By keeping the primary stakeholders involved with the decisions prior to making the policy, schools have a better chance of success from the uniform policy. Appendix A Sec. 11. 162. School Uniforms. a) The board of trustees of an independent school district may adopt rules that require students at a school in the district to wear school uniforms if the board determines that the requirement would improve the learning environment at the school. (b) The rules the board of trustees adopts must designate a source of funding that shall be used in providing uniforms for students at the school who are educationally disadvantaged. (c) A parent or guardian of a student assigned to attend a school at which students are required to wear school uniforms may choose for the student to be exempted from the requirement or to transfer to a school at which students are not required to wear uniforms and at which space is available if the parent or guardian provides a written statement that, as determined by the board of trustees, states a bona fide religious or philosophical objection to the requirement. (d) Students at a school at which uniforms are required shall wear the uniforms beginning on the 90th day after the date on which the board of trustees adopts the rules that require the uniforms. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg. , ch. 260, Sec. 1, eff. May 30, 1995. Appendix B GRADES K-8 SCHOOL CRIME REPORT SUMMARY Since the inception of required school uniforms in all Long Beach Unified School District elementary and middle schools, in September 1994, school crime here has dropped 86% percent. SCHOOL CRIME REDUCED 1993-94 Before Uniforms 1994-95 Uniforms Required 1995-96 2nd Year with Uniforms 1996-97 3rd Year with Uniforms 1997-98 4th Year with Uniforms 1998-99 5th Year With Uniforms Change K-8 Enrollment 57,497 58,376 59,822 62,039 63,602 65,451 +14% Assault/Battery* 319 214 53 47 46 82 Assault w/Deadly Weapon* 6 3 16 11 8 24 Sex Offenses 57 15 5 4 2 4 -93% Robbery/Extortion 34 12 13 5 3 5 -85%. Chemical Substances 71 29 24 20 27 37 -48% Weapons or Look A like 145 78 28 24 12 36 -75% Vandalism** 1,409 1,155 127 93 98 106 Dangerous Devices 46 23 1 2 0 2 -96% TOTAL 2087 1529 267 206 196 296 -86% *The statewide category of assault has been revised because of different interpretations of what constitutes assault. Verbal threats without physical contact were sometimes reported as assaults. There is also a new, expanded definition of assault with a deadly weapon. Reported now is any item that is actually used in an effort to inflict any bodily harm, i. e. a foot, a fist, a pencil or a comb. **Under the new California Safe Schools Assessment School Crime Report, only vandalism over $100 is included. Some prior years incidents were under $100, so the actual reduction is less than this. Appendix C Bibliography Resources Bell, Becky. LISD group focuses on school uniforms Longview News Journal 22 March 2000; Local California Leads nation in Public School Uniform Use. California School News 31 March 1997: 4 Caruso, Peter. Individuality vs. Conformity: The Issue Behind School Uniforms. NASSP Bulletin 8,581 September 1996: 83-88. Chon, Carl A. Mandatory School Uniforms. The School Administrator 53, 2 February 1996: 22-25 Grantham, Kimberly. Restricting Student Dress in Public Schools. School Law Bulletin 25, Winter 1994: 1-10 Long Beach Crime Report Summary. http://www. lbusd. k12. ca. us/ Paliokas, Kathleen L. Trying Uniforms On for Size. The American School Board Journal 183, 5 May 1996: 32-35 Proverbs. The Bible. The Living Bible. 3; 3-5 Radcliffe, Jennifer. Irving joins movement supporting required attire. Star Telegram 25 March 1999 http://netarrant. net/news/doc/1047/1:NEA/1:NEA032599. html Ramos, Cindy. Capitol moves San Antonio Express-News 1 April 1997 Metro- Education Express: 4B Richardson, Ginger. Student uniforms in vogue at schools in Fort Worth Officials report success of voluntary clothing programs. Fort Worth Star Telegram, 16 August 1995; Metro Teeters, Amy. Growing up in uniform style. Fort Worth Star-Telegram 18 February 1997: Class Acts: 9 Texas State Law 11. 162 of the Texas Education Code. http://www. tea. state. tx. us.